Introduction/overview on clinical registries.

P atient registries have become an important instrument in epidemiological studies in chronic disease. There are several types of registry (table 1). Administrative registries have been developed to identify patients with particular conditions, and these are then used in epidemiological studies to identify prevalence of certain conditions. For administrative registries, a limited amount of primarily demographic information is required as the purpose is only to identify patients rather than to learn as much as possible about an individual patient. Such registries exist in Europe, where patient information is recorded in common registries at each encounter with a physician or a healthcare facility. Such registries have been used to identify associations between the primary disease and other complications such as the development of cancer among patients with psoriasis. Clinical registries have been developed specifically for drug trials. Some registries have been set up to identify patients who might be suitable for drug trials, whereas others have been developed for the management of the drug trial itself. Registries have also been set up as a surveillance mechanism to follow patients treated with particular medications. For the latter type of registry, more than simple demographic information, such as previous medications and level of disease activity, is gathered for individual patients. For a longitudinal observational cohort much more detailed information is required. Here the registry includes not only demographic and drug information, but also a full description of each patient’s disease and its course. This allows determination of disease progression, as well as recognition of new disease features, potential side effects, and drug interactions among individual therapies. Such a registry must be comprehensive and based on a robust computer database. Registries based on longitudinal observational cohorts have been developed in rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, 9 and psoriatic arthritis, and are under development for psoriasis, particularly relating to biological therapies. These databases have provided important information based on new observations as well as outcomes of patients with these conditions. For a longitudinal observational cohort to be of maximal benefit, another ‘‘holy grail’’ needs to be transcended, namely repeated query, under institutional review board approved conditions, of basic questions related to disease status, effect of environment on disease, response to treatment, side effects, etc, about the cohort at periodic intervals via the internet. From this, important observations of natural history, development of comorbidities such as other autoimmune mediated diseases, etc, can be generated and utilised to begin the ultimate quest—use of genotype to predict lifetime risk of disease, response to treatment and therewith knowledge based preventive intervention, where possible. More recently, there has been great interest in genetic predisposition to disease. The advent of genome scans provides a unique opportunity to identify susceptibility genes. Gene chip technology is further helps identify genes associated with disease, and through proteomics, gene function is being determined. However, these approaches require large numbers of patients and families. Collection of the material, both clinical and biological, requires the development of adequate registries and databases. Cooperation among various centres is advisable, and comparison of samples from different patient cohorts is desirable. In 1994, Menter developed a comprehensive National Psoriasis Gene Bank in Dallas, TX, in cooperation with a patient advocacy group, the National Psoriasis Foundation. This led to the development of the International Psoriasis Genetics Consortium, the first efforts of which have led to the important finding of multiple susceptibility genes, using a cohort of 942 affected sib pairs. A registry requires both the collection of clinical and laboratory information at a patient encounter and a database to record this information. Thus, a standardised protocol is required, which is administered to all patients at the encounter, and is then entered into the database. Information can subsequently be obtained from the database and analysed using a statistical package. Cancer registries have been operating for some time in many countries and have been used to derive multicentre trials as well as description of tumours and prognostic factors. 13 For genetics based registries, details of family members also have to be entered, not just using a questionnaire but by direct physician–patient contact, history taking, and clinical evaluation.